Nitroglycerin vad finns innan
Accordingly, nitroglycerin is considered to be a high- brisance explosive, which is to say, it has excellent shattering ability. Though it was previously known that these beneficial effects are due to nitroglycerin being converted to nitric oxide , a potent venodilator, the enzyme for this conversion was only discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2 in Nitroglycerin was the 1st practical explosive produced that was stronger than black powder.
Dynamite mixtures containing nitrocellulose , which increases the viscosity of the mix, are commonly known as "gelatins". Nitroglycerin can be produced by acid-catalyzed nitration of glycerol glycerin. The UK Government was so alarmed at the damage caused and what could have happened in a city location these two tons were part of a larger load coming from Germany via Liverpool that they soon passed the Nitro-Glycerine Act of This was made by mixing nitroglycerin with diatomaceous earth " Kieselguhr " in German found in the Krümmel hills.
This business exported a liquid combination of nitroglycerin and gunpowder called "Blasting Oil", but this was extremely unstable and difficult to handle, as evidenced in numerous catastrophes.
Nitroglycerin (vasodilatator)
The industrial manufacturing process often reacts glycerol with a nearly mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid. In its undiluted form, nitroglycerin is a contact explosive , with physical shock causing it to explode. It is combined with nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder , which has been used as a propellant in artillery and firearms since the 's. Nitroglycerin has been used for over years in medicine as a potent vasodilator causing dilation of the vascular system to treat heart conditions, such as angina pectoris and chronic heart failure.
He began treating his patients with small diluted doses of nitroglycerin in , and this treatment was soon adopted into widespread use after Murrell published his results in the journal The Lancet in They call it Trinitrin, so as not to scare the chemist and the public. This amount required at least tonnes of nitroglycerin per week assuming no losses in production.
This led to a complete ban on the transportation of liquid nitroglycerin in California. Chemically, the substance is an organic nitrate compound rather than a nitro compound , but the traditional name is retained. Nitroglycerin was later adopted as a commercially useful explosive by Alfred Nobel , who experimented with safer ways to handle the dangerous compound after his younger brother, Emil Oskar Nobel , and several factory workers were killed in an explosion at the Nobels' armaments factory in in Heleneborg , Sweden.
The heat liberated during detonation raises the temperature of the gaseous byproducts to about 5, °C 9, °F. The explosion led to the loss of six lives, many injuries and much damage to the village. This makes nitroglycerin highly dangerous to transport or use.
Navigeringsmeny
The sulfuric acid produces protonated nitric acid species, which are attacked by glycerol 's nucleophilic oxygen atoms. A large cordite factory was also built in Canada during World War I. The Canadian Explosives Limited cordite factory at Nobel, Ontario , was designed to produce 1,, lb t of cordite per month, requiring about tonnes of nitroglycerin per month.
Chemically "desensitizing" nitroglycerin is possible to a point where it can be considered about as "safe" as modern high explosives , such as by the addition of ethanol , acetone , or dinitrotoluene. Nitroglycerin NG , alternative spelling of nitroglycerine also known as trinitroglycerin TNG , nitro , glyceryl trinitrate GTN , or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane , is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester.
The on-site manufacture of nitroglycerin was thus required for the remaining hard-rock drilling and blasting required for the completion of the First transcontinental railroad in North America. Discovered in by Ascanio Sobrero , nitroglycerin has been used ever since as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives , namely dynamite , and as such it is employed in the construction , demolition , and mining industries.
In April , several crates of nitroglycerin were shipped to California , three of which were destined for the Central Pacific Railroad , which planned to experiment with it as a blasting explosive to expedite the construction of the 1,foot-long m Summit Tunnel through the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Large quantities of nitroglycerin were manufactured during World War I and World War II for use as military propellants and in military engineering work. Following the discovery that amyl nitrite helped alleviate chest pain, the physician William Murrell experimented with the use of nitroglycerin to alleviate angina pectoris and to reduce the blood pressure. Early in its history, liquid nitroglycerin was found to be " desensitized " by freezing it at a temperature below 45 to 55 °F 7 to 13 °C depending on its purity.
In June , two one-ton wagons loaded with nitroglycerin, then known locally as Powder-Oil, exploded in the road at the North Wales village of Cwm-y-glo. This is different from an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which nitronium ions are the electrophile. On Christmas Day , an attempt to dispose of nine canisters of Blasting Oil that had been illegally stored at the White Swan Inn in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne resulted in an explosion on the Town Moor that killed eight people.
The buildings of the Krümmel factory were destroyed twice. This can be produced by mixing white fuming nitric acid —a quite expensive pure nitric acid in which the oxides of nitrogen have been removed, as opposed to red fuming nitric acid , which contains nitrogen oxides —and concentrated sulfuric acid.
If it has not been adequately purified during manufacture it can degrade over time to even more unstable forms. One of the remaining crates exploded, destroying a Wells Fargo company office in San Francisco and killing 15 people. Little trace was found of the two horses. Similar mixtures, such as "dualine" , "lithofracteur" , and " gelignite " , were formed by mixing nitroglycerin with other inert absorbents, and many combinations were tried by other companies in attempts to get around Nobel's tightly held patents for dynamite.